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Python Interview Questions and Answers- Part 5
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Python is a top choice for many developers because of its readability, flexibility, and wide range of applications. It powers everything from websites and APIs to machine learning models and automation tools.
If you’re aiming for a Python developer role, you need more than just basic syntax knowledge. Interviewers will expect you to understand data structures, object-oriented programming, exception handling, and common libraries. This page features a detailed list of Python interview questions and answers to help you prepare effectively. These questions are designed to test your technical knowledge and your ability to solve real-world problems.
Whether you’re applying for a backend role, scripting job, or full-stack position, reviewing these questions will boost your confidence. Practice answering out loud, understand the reasoning behind each answer, and focus on how Python can be used to write clean and efficient code. Solid preparation is the first step toward landing the offer.
Answer:
File-related modules in Python provide functions and methods to perform operations on files, such as creating, reading, writing, updating, copying, and deleting files. These modules help in managing files and directories in the file system.
Some commonly used file-related modules in Python include:
- os: The os module provides various functions for interacting with the operating system, including file and directory operations.
- path: The os.path module is used for common path manipulations and provides functions to access and manipulate file paths.
- shutil: The shutil module offers a higher-level interface for file operations and provides functions to copy, move, and remove files and directories.
- glob: The glob module is used for file pattern matching, allowing you to find files that match a specified pattern or wildcard.
- fileinput: The fileinput module provides a way to iterate over lines from multiple input sources, such as files or standard input.
Answer:
Not all memory is deallocated or freed when Python exits, particularly in cases involving Python modules with circular references or objects referenced from global namespaces. Portions of memory reserved by the C library cannot be deallocated.
When Python exits, it attempts to deallocate every object using its own efficient cleanup mechanism. However, due to the presence of circular references or memory managed by the C library, complete deallocation of all memory may not be possible.
Answer:
Python virtual environments are isolated environments that allow you to install Python packages and dependencies specific to a project, without interfering with the global Python installation. They are used to manage project dependencies and create a clean development environment.
Answer:
You can use the “time” module in Python to measure the execution time of a program. By recording the current time before and after the code execution, you can calculate the time difference.
Answer:
The two major loop statements commonly used in Python are the “for” loop and the “while” loop.
Answer:
PEP 8, short for Python Enhancement Proposal 8, is a coding convention and style guide for Python. It provides guidelines on how to format Python code to achieve maximum readability. PEP 8 outlines recommendations for naming conventions, indentation, line length, comments, and other aspects of code formatting to promote consistency and clarity in Python programming.
Answer:
Triple quotes (”’ ”’) or (“”” “””) are string delimiters that allow strings to span multiple lines in Python. Triple quotes are commonly used in the following situations:
- Multiline Strings: When you have a string that spans multiple lines, triple quotes can be used to enclose the entire string. This is useful when dealing with long strings, docstrings, or multi-line comments.
- Mixing Single and Double Quotes: If your string contains both single and double quotes, you can use triple quotes to enclose the string to avoid escaping the quotes. This simplifies the syntax and improves readability.
By using triple quotes as delimiters, you can create more readable and expressive code in situations where strings span multiple lines or contain a mix of single and double quotes.
Answer:
The __init__() method is a special method in Python that is automatically called when a new object is created and memory is allocated for it. Its primary purpose is to initialize the values of instance members for objects. By defining the __init__() method in a class, you can specify the initial state of an object by assigning values to its attributes or performing any necessary setup operations. This method allows you to customize the initialization process for objects and ensure that they are properly configured upon creation.
Answer:
A docstring, also known as a documentation string, is a way to provide documentation for Python classes, functions, and modules. It is a string literal placed as the first statement within these entities, and its purpose is to describe the purpose, usage, and behavior of the code. Docstrings are used to provide helpful information to developers and users of the code, serving as a form of inline documentation. They can contain plain text, as well as formatted content such as examples, parameter descriptions, and return value explanations. Docstrings play a vital role in documenting Python code and promoting code readability and maintainability.
Answer:
Python does not have a specific syntax for creating multi-line comments like some other programming languages. However, programmers can effectively create multi-line comments by using triple-quoted strings, also known as docstrings. These docstrings are enclosed within triple quotes (”’ ”’) and can span multiple lines. It is important to note that for the docstring to be recognized by the Python parser, it should be the first statement within the current method or function. By utilizing triple-quoted strings, programmers can effectively create multi-line comments in Python.
Answer:
Django offers several advantages as a Python framework:
- Ease of Learning: Django’s simplicity, well-structured codebase and clear design principles make it easy to learn, especially for developers familiar with the Python language.
- Versatility: Django is a versatile framework that provides a comprehensive set of tools and features inckuding modules for handling databases, URL routing, form processing, authentication, and more.
- Security: Django has a strong emphasis on security and it incorporates built-in features to mitigate web vulnerabilities like cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks.
- Scalability: Django is designed to handle scalability effectively. Django integrates well with caching mechanisms and load balancers, enabling efficient scaling of web applications.
Answer:
An empty class in Python is a class that doesn’t have any code defined within its block. You can create it using the “pass” keyword, and objects of this class can be instantiated outside the class itself.
Example:
class X:
pass
obj = X()
obj.id = “123”
print(“Id =”, obj.id)
Output:
Id = 123
Answer:
A constructor is a special type of method that initializes the state of instance members in a class. It is invoked automatically when an object of the class is created. The purpose of a constructor is to ensure that the necessary resources are available for the object to perform its intended tasks.
The two types of constructors in Python are:
- Parameterized constructor
- Non-parameterized constructor
Answer:
To identify bugs and address potential issues in Python code, several tools and techniques can be employed:
- Static Analysis Tools like PyChecker detects bugs and checks if the code adheres to coding standards and best practices.
- Python offers built-in debugging tools such as pdb module that aid in locating and resolving bugs.
- Unit testing frameworks such as unittest and pytest facilitate the creation of test cases covering various scenarios to validate the expected behavior of functions and modules.
- Engaging in code reviews with peers or experienced developers can help identify bugs and potential issues.
Answer:
| NumPy | SciPy |
| NumPy means Numerical Python | SciPy means Scientific Python |
| It is used to perform general and efficient computations on numerical data saved in arrays. For example, indexing, reshaping, sorting, and more. | It is a collection of tools in Python used to perform operations such as differentiation, integration, etc. |
| It contains linear algebraic functions but they are not fully fledged. | This module contains fully-fledged operations for performing algebraic computations |
Answer:
Here are the common security issues you can avoid using Django:
- Clickjacking
- Cross-site scripting and
- SQL injection
Answer:
Python cannot use access specifiers. Besides, it does not offer a way to access an instance variable. Python introduced the idea of prefixing a method, function, or variable name with a double- or single-underscore character to mimic the behavior of private and protected access specifiers.
Answer:
Python is also an object-oriented programming language with concepts such as;
- Object
- Class
- Method
- Encapsulation
- Abstraction
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
Answer:
PYTHONPATH is an environmental variable used to import a module. Suppose at any time we import a module, PYTHONPATH is utilized to check the presence of the modules that are imported in various directories. Interpreters will choose how to load the module.
Answer:
The “super” keyword refers to the superclass of a class. It helps you to call superclass methods and access superclass attributes.